What Does Plant Breeding Mean By Domestication?

Domestication is the process of reorganizing wild animals and plants into domestic and cultivated forms according to human needs. It refers to the initial stage of h. domestication, which involves the hereditary restructuring of wild plants into domestic and cultivated forms in response to human needs. Domestic species are raised for food, work, clothing, and medicine. Genetic studies of domestication provide insights into how humans can interact with and alter their environment over evolutionary timescales.

Plant domestication is the process whereby wild plants have evolved into crop plants through artificial selection, usually involving early hybridization. Recent studies have demonstrated de novo domestication of wild plants as a new crop breeding strategy to meet future food challenges. Domestication of wild species by ancient farmers, followed by improvement by breeders, has led to elite cultivars with key traits such as seed number and size.

Crop domestication is the process of artificially selecting plants to increase their suitability to human requirements, such as taste, yield, storage, and cultivation practices. There is increasing evidence that crop domestication can profoundly alter interactions among plants, herbivores, and their natural enemies. Domesticated plants differ from their wild ancestors because they have been modified by human labor to meet specific human needs.

In summary, domestication is a co-evolutionary process that occurs when wild plants are brought into cultivation by humans, leading to the origin of new species and differentiated species. This process is a multi-generational mutualistic relationship in which an animal species, such as humans or leafcutter ants, takes over control and care of these plants.

What are the three levels of domestication?

Since the Neolithic period, humans have been attempting to domesticate wild animals for various purposes, including food, commodity manufacturing, protection, and transportation. There are three pathways for domestication: commensal, prey, and direct. In the commensal pathway, wild animals are attracted to anthropogenic habitats for human food waste or small prey, establishing a relationship with humans.

In the prey pathway, humans hunt species like pigs and cattle for their meat, leading to controlled breeding. In the direct pathway, humans capture wild animals to obtain resources by controlling their movements, nutrition, and reproduction.

Dogs were the first animal domesticated by humans over 15, 000 years ago, with their wild ancestor being the extinct gray wolf. Despite extensive research, there are still questions about their geographical and temporal origins and events of domestication. Dogs may have been domesticated independently in Eastern and Western Eurasia from different wolf populations. Later, eastern dogs accompanied humans through their dispersion to Western Europe, replacing Western Eurasian and European Paleolithic dogs. The same event occurred for American and African dogs that arrived with human expansions. The evolutionary dog history involves bottlenecks and gene flow in these expansions.

What are the methods of domestication?

Since the Neolithic period, humans have been attempting to domesticate wild animals for various purposes such as food, commodity manufacturing, protection, and transportation. Domestication can be categorized into commensal, prey, and direct pathways. Understanding the history of domestication is crucial for understanding the origins of civilizations and the evolution of domesticated species.

The development of both humans and domestic animals is difficult to justify, and genetic variations during early animal domestication remain vague. Recent applications of evolutionary biology may provide answers to social challenges by examining the relationship between the environment and organisms influenced by adaptation to modern environments and the patterns of selection triggered during the domestication period.

Once domestication occurred, events such as gene flow and selective pressures led to genomic and phenotypic alterations. This review discusses current knowledge about the spatiotemporal outlines of domestication, debates surrounding intent, speed, and evolutionary landscapes of this event, and core challenges for future research.

In conclusion, domestication is an evolutionary process where animals are artificially selected and undergo significant behavioral and physiological changes. It has had a significant impact on human societies since the Neolithic period, with extreme techno-economic alterations from hunting-gathering to food production. Domestication depends on factors such as strong demographic transition, cultivation, and husbandry of valuable domesticates, along with profound social and spiritual changes. The next era will produce even more significant insights into how domestication occurred, where, and when it did so.

What is an example of domestication?

The process of domestication entails the utilization of plants and animals for a multitude of purposes, including, but not limited to, food production, companionship, ornamental purposes, and medicinal applications. Examples of domesticated animals include cows, sheep, and chickens, as well as dogs and cats. Plants that have been domesticated include lentils and wheat.

What is plant domestication in plant breeding?

Domestication is a co-evolutionary process whereby humans cultivate wild plants, thereby giving rise to new species and populations that are vital for human survival. The facilitation of this process is enabled by the utilisation of cookies on this website. Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B. V., its licensors, and contributors. All rights are reserved, including those pertaining to text and data mining, AI training, and analogous technologies.

What is domestication breeding?

Domestication is a permanent genetic modification of a bred lineage that leads to a heritable predisposition toward human association. Domestic animals need not be “tame” in the behavioral sense, but their mate choice and tameness and tolerance of humans are genetically determined. Controlled breeding amounts to prezygotic selection, a critical element to domestication.

The Terminal Pleistocene (approximately 12, 000 years ago) in the Fertile Crescent was the primary locus of domestication for many western domesticates. Estimated dates for these events range from 15, 000 years B. P. for the dog to 8, 000 B. P. for cattle. The term Fertile Crescent was coined by James Henry Breasted, who characterized the region by ecological and cultural features present at the time of earliest civilization.

During the terminal Pleistocene, gazelle and deer, wild cattle, boar, horses, and goats and sheep flourished through an oak/pistachio parkland. There were thick natural stands of cereals (barley, einkorn, and emmer wheat) and pulses (pea, chickpea, lentil), which provided a rich source of calories and a balance of nutrients. Together with flax (used for fiber) and bitter vetch, these plants would later form a package that became our 8 founder crops.

For 100, 000 years, humans had been nomadic hunter-gatherers. However, because the Fertile Crescent was so bountiful, the inhabitants of the Levant (known archaeologically as Natufians) were able to hunt and gather all they needed with only short forays from base camps. Over time, movable camps evolved into permanent semisubterranean pit-houses where the Natufians stored wild grains for use throughout the year.

In summary, domestication is a complex phenomenon that has evolved over time, with domesticated animals like dogs and cats being tolerant of people.

What do you mean by domestication?

Domestication is the process of transforming wild plants and animals for human consumption, including food, work, clothing, medicine, and more. It began around 10, 000 years ago in Mesopotamia, where people collected and planted seeds of wild plants, ensuring they had sufficient water and sunlight. The first domesticated plants in Mesopotamia included wheat, barley, lentils, and peas. Other plants cultivated by early civilizations include rice, Oryza sativa in Asia, and potatoes, Solanum tuberosum in South America.

People in other parts of the world, including eastern Asia, parts of Africa, and parts of North and South America, also domesticated plants. These plants were carefully tended to and harvested when they blossomed. It is important to note that domesticated species are not wild and require human care.

What is an example of plant domestication?

Table 1 illustrates the phenotypic shifts that occurred in major cereal crops, including rice, wheat, maize, and barley, as a result of domestication. These shifts include a reduction in seed dispersal, branching, dormancy, synchronized seed maturation, and an increase in grain size.

What are the stages of domestication?

Since 2012, two groups have accepted a multi-stage model of animal domestication. The first group proposes a continuum of stages, from anthropophily to control in the wild, including captive animals, extensive breeding, intensive breeding, and finally pets. The second group suggests three major pathways for animal domestication: commensals adapted to human niches, prey animals sought for food, and targeted animals for draft and nonfood resources.

The beginnings of animal domestication involved a protracted coevolutionary process with multiple stages along different pathways. Humans did not intend to domesticate animals from either the commensal or prey pathways, but as the relationship between them intensified, humans became entangled with these species. Archaeological records suggest that the other two pathways are not as goal-oriented and take place over much longer time frames.

The pathways that animals may have followed are not mutually exclusive. Pigs may have been domesticated as their populations became accustomed to the human niche, following a commensal pathway, or they may have been hunted and followed a prey pathway, or both.

What are the 5 requirements for domestication?

Domestication is a permanent genetic modification of a bred lineage that leads to an inherited predisposition toward humans. Certain animal species and individuals within those species make better candidates for domestication due to their behavioral characteristics, such as size and organization of their social structure, availability and degree of selectivity in their choice of mates, ease and speed with which parents bond with their young, maturity and mobility of the young at birth, flexibility in diet and habitat tolerance, and responses to humans and new environments.

There were three major pathways that most animal domesticates followed into domestication: commensals, animals sought for food and other byproducts, and targeted animals for draft and nonfood resources. Dogs were the first to be domesticated, established across Eurasia before the end of the Late Pleistocene era. Archaeological and genetic data suggest that long-term bidirectional gene flow between wild and domestic stocks was common. One study has concluded that human selection for domestic traits likely counteracted the homogenizing effect of gene flow from wild boars into pigs and created domestication islands in the genome.

Domestication is defined as a sustained multi-generational, mutualistic relationship in which one organism assumes a significant degree of influence over the reproduction and care of another organism in order to secure a more predictable supply of a resource of interest. This definition recognizes both the biological and cultural components of the domestication process and the effects on both humans and the domesticated animals and plants. Domestication has vastly enhanced the reproductive output of crop plants, livestock, and pets far beyond that of their wild progenitors.

Domesticates have provided humans with resources that they could more predictably and securely control, move, and redistribute, which has been the advantage that has fueled a population explosion of agro-pastoralists and their spread to all corners of the planet.