What Does Plant Breeding Mean By Crop Production?

Crop breeding is the science and art of improving agricultural plants for human benefit. It involves the creation, selection, and fixation of superior phenotypes for the development of improved lines or cultivars. The objectives of plant breeding depend on geographical adaptation, prevalent biotic and abiotic factors influencing production, uses of a cultivar, crop reproductive system (such as pureline or hybrid), and the application of genetic principles to produce plants more useful to humans.

Plant breeding dates back to the beginnings of agriculture, but scientific plant breeding began in the early 20th century. Genetics and plant breeding play crucial roles in driving crop improvement efforts, ensuring sustainable food production, and addressing global challenges such as population growth and climate change. General steps in breeding include objectives, creation/assembly of variability, selection, evaluation, and cultivar release. Breeders use methods and techniques based on the mode of reproduction of plants.

Commercial-scale plant breeding is a complex process where new crop varieties are continuously developed to improve yield and agronomic performance over current varieties. There are various plant breeding methods relevant to crops grown in Africa, and innovations used to enhance backcross breeding methods can be found.

In conclusion, crop breeding is the art and science of improving agricultural plants for human benefit. It involves the manipulation of qualities in plants to create new varieties with desired characteristics. Advancements in plant genetics and genomics can support higher production and cultivation of crops resistant to pests, pathogens, and other diseases.

What is the importance of crop production?

Crop production is crucial for the US economy, providing food, feed, oil, and fiber for domestic consumption and contributing to export trade. Horticultural plants offer variety and enhance the living environment. NIFA programs aim to increase crop production while maintaining the environment by conducting research on horticultural breeding, improving crop productivity, ensuring sound use of natural resources, reducing soil erosion, and improving soil quality. They also implement methods to improve soil on both conventional and organic farms, revive heirloom crops, and help farmers plant crops suitable for local climate and crop management needs.

What is the aim of plant breeding is to produce?

The objective of plant breeding is to develop crops that are resistant to disease, exhibit high yields, and mature early.

How do you make crop production?

Agriculture involves various practices for crop production and management, including soil preparation, seed sowing, fertilization, protection from weeds, harvesting, and storage. Crops are large-scale plants cultivated on a large scale, and are divided based on the seasons they grow. In India, Kharif crops are sown during the early monsoon season, typically between June and July, and harvested between September and October. Paddy is the main Kharif crop, and these crops are typically grown during the rainy season, varying by crop and region.

Why is plant breeding important in crop production?

Plant breeding is a crucial field that aims to modify and improve plant species to meet human needs and wants. It is essential for our survival and sustainable agricultural use, as it helps develop resistance to diseases, pests, drought, and temperature extremes, and improves quality factors that positively impact people worldwide. Plant breeding also helps adapt crops to new locations, improving food security and supporting local and regional food systems. Plant breeders also serve as a vital link between farmers and consumers, developing traits that make farming easier and more efficient, and increase consumer satisfaction with the resulting product.

Plant breeding became an academic discipline about 100 years ago, following the rediscovery of Mendel’s laws. It has been studied and practiced in various locations, including governments, universities, private sector seed companies, and hobbyists and gardeners. The University of Wisconsin offers formal training in plant breeding and plant genetics since 1968, with membership from agronomy, biochemistry, botany, forest and wildlife ecology, genetics, horticulture, plant pathology, and statistics. Research areas include biochemical and molecular genetics, biometry, quantitative genetics, cytogenetics and cytology, genetics, and plant breeding.

What is the crop production cycle?

The agricultural cycle is an annual cycle of activities related to the growth and harvest of a crop, including soil preparation, seeding, watering, plant movement, and harvesting. The main steps for agricultural practices include soil preparation, sowing, fertilization, irrigation, harvesting, and storage.

Seeding is a crucial process that depends on the properties of the seed and the soil it is planted in. Crop selection involves two techniques: sexual and asexual. Asexual techniques involve vegetative processes such as budding, grafting, and layering. Sexual techniques involve growing the plant from a seed. Grafting is an artificial method of propagation that joins parts of plants to form one plant. It is mainly applied to dicot and gymnosperms due to the presence of a vascular cambium between plant tissues.

Budding is another form of asexual reproduction where a bud from the plant is joined onto the stem of another plant. The new plant eventually develops into a replica of the parent plant. Germination, also known as sprouting, is the first sign of life shown by a seed and requires vital conditions such as water, air, temperature, energy, viability, and enzymes. Without these conditions, the process cannot be successfully carried out.

What is the difference between crop yield and crop productivity?

Yields and agricultural productivity are related but not synonymous. Yields are measured in the weight of the crop produced per unit of land, while agricultural productivity is measured in money produced per unit of land. A farmer can invest in high-quality fertilizers to increase yields, but if the cost does not yield a comparative return on investment, profits may decline, indicating lower agricultural productivity. Yields are a partial measure of productivity, as they may not accurately measure the actual productivity of the farming operation.

The seed multiplication ratio is the ratio between investment in seed and yield. For example, if three grains are harvested for each grain seeded, the resulting multiplication ratio is 1:3, which is considered the minimum required to sustain human life. The seed multiplication ratio is variable and subject to several factors. Revisions were recommended in 2018 by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.

What is the method of crop production?

Crop production refers to the large-scale cultivation of crops to meet human needs. Methods like crop rotation, mixed cropping, and the use of manures and fertilizers can increase yields. Crop rotation involves growing multiple crops on the same land piece over a short period, enhancing soil fertility and nutrient levels. This method reduces pests and diseases, limits pollution, and provides economic benefits to farmers. Crop rotation is generally followed during one season and another during the next, ensuring a sustainable and efficient agricultural system.

What do you mean by crop production?

Crop production is a global agricultural practice that encompasses the cultivation and harvesting of crops for human consumption and the production of fiber. It encompasses a range of practices, including soil preparation, seed sowing, irrigation, the application of manure, pesticides, and fertilizers, protection and harvesting, and the storage and preservation of crops. The final stages of crop production are harvesting and storage.

What is crop productivity?

Crop productivity, or yield, is the total annual plant production, also known as net primary productivity. It can be divided by tissue type based on plant usage. Unused crops, known as crop residues, are another indicator. However, the inference zone is crucial for crop productivity metrics, as on-farm measurements and farmer qualitative data may be influenced by local conditions and culture. The quality of production is often important, which can be difficult to account for in a quantitative measure like kilograms per hectare. Comparing production for similar quality products from the same species can help.

How do you calculate crop production?

Sampling for harvest unit is a method that involves counting and weighing a few samples from the total harvest after harvesting a plot. This method can be used on larger samples than crop-cut or whole-plot harvest methods, but requires the crops to be harvested all at once.

An alternative method developed by Castellanos-Navarrete et al. requires physical threshing of only a small sample to estimate yield, biomass, and other yield-related parameters. This method reduces labor and large-scale threshing required to obtain reliable yield and associated yield-related parameters. It can be applied for any situation and any cereal crop, and can be readily applied for on-farm research situations.

Eye assessment is another method used to estimate crop yield by summarizing the opinions of field agronomists, extension agents, and researchers. Eye assessment can be combined with field measurement and empirical formulas, known as the expert assessment method. This method can be applied on a relatively large scale compared to the crop-cut method but on a smaller scale than the farmer’s estimate. However, eye estimation of crop yield requires not only practical but also technical familiarity with the yield potential of different varieties of crops in different environments.

The accuracy of the yield assessment in this method will strongly depend on the level of expertise of the personnel involved in the assessment. Care should be taken not to use extension workers as experts for yield estimation in their own work area, as they may be biased to demonstrate their own work.

What are the steps of plant breeding?

Plant breeders follow a series of steps, including defining objectives, creating variation, selecting, evaluating, and releasing cultivars. They also use cookies on the site. Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B. V., its licensors, and contributors. All rights reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. Open access content follows Creative Commons licensing terms.