How Can Genetic Variables Affect The Growth Of Plants?

Genetic diversity, caused by mutations, can have neutral, positive, and negative impacts on plant species. Genetics and plant breeding play crucial roles in driving crop improvement efforts, ensuring sustainable food production, and addressing global challenges such as population growth and climate change. Seed, growth dynamics, and ontogenetic changes in plant size all interact to determine mature plant size and yield.

All living organisms, from plants to animals, are shaped by their genes and the environment. Genetic factors determine inherited traits, while environmental factors, like sunlight and nutrition, influence growth and development. A greater understanding of plant mechanisms that increase yields in variable environments is essential to drive necessary gains in crop improvement.

Plants are exposed to various environmental stresses that can affect their growth and development. There are two main factors affecting an organism’s growth: genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors determine the plant’s growth rate, size, and overall appearance (phenotypic). Each plant species has a unique genetic makeup, and genetic makeup determines inherited traits.

A large group of plants are produced as a result of genotype, plant hormonal regulation, environmental conditions, and interactions with other plants. As the plant enlarges to its mature size, some genes are activated while others are inactivated. Certain genes direct the synthesis of enzymes that catalyze the growth of plants.

How do genetics work in plants?

Plants inherit a matching set of chromosomes from each parent, and to transmit traits like pest or drought resistance, they must carry the same genetic variant on each chromosome. In 2010, Chan and Ravi Maruthachalam discovered a way to eliminate the genetic contribution from one parent while breeding the lab plant Arabidopsis. They modified a protein called CENH3, found in the centromere, and crossed wild-type Arabidopsis with modified CENH3, resulting in plants with half the normal number of chromosomes. This work was published in Nature in March 2010, setting off efforts to achieve the same result in crop plants like maize, wheat, and tomato.

What do genetic factors affect?

Genes play a crucial role in shaping an individual’s appearance, body function, and reactions to health conditions, medicines, treatments, and certain behaviors. Understanding how genes affect health can lead to improved health outcomes. Knowing if someone has a genetic difference that increases their risk of developing a disease can help prevent or detect it earlier, making treatment easier. Identifying the genetic difference that causes a disease or condition can also help healthcare providers predict future health outcomes.

Furthermore, a better understanding of how genes are linked to disease can result in more effective treatments for those diseases. Basic genetic concepts like DNA, genes, chromosomes, and gene expression are essential for understanding and addressing genetic disorders.

What are the factors affecting growth?

Biological factors such as genetic inheritance, hormonal balance, nutrition, health status, and neurological development influence growth and development. Environmental factors, such as socio-economic circumstances, access to quality education and healthcare, family dynamics, cultural norms, community support, and exposure to toxins or hazards, also play a role in shaping growth and development.

How do they affect plant growth?

Plant growth is influenced by various factors such as temperature, light intensity, water availability, soil nutrients, plant growth regulators like auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellins, and differentiation, which involves cell specialized differentiation into morphologically and physiologically different cells. The quality and duration of light also impact physiological processes in plants. Water is crucial for plant growth, and even scarcity can be a response.

Soil nutrients are essential for plant growth, and the quality and quantity of nutrients affect plant growth. Plant growth regulators like auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellins are added to regulate growth. Development, which includes changes during a plant’s life cycle, involves different pathways and structures, with young plants having different leaves compared to mature ones.

What genes are responsible for plant growth?

The study investigates the role of major phytohormone-responsive genes in soybean growth types. Transcriptome sequencing and DEG analysis revealed that the stem is the key modulator of phenotype variation in the F 7 RIL population. The major plant hormone signaling genes responsible for determining weedy and cultivar growth types in soybean are GA2ox, SPY, ARF, CKX, and AHK. The study provides insights for future genetic breeding and facilitates target trait crop improvement for higher yield in soybean. The datasets presented in the study can be found in online repositories. The authors contributed to the project, sample preparation, data analysis, and manuscript drafting.

What are 5 examples of genetic factors?

Genetic conditions are diseases that can be passed down through inheritance, often referred to as hereditary, from parents to their children. Examples of genetic conditions include certain cancers, cystic fibrosis, high cholesterol, haemophilia, muscular dystrophy, and birth defects like spina bifida or a cleft lip. Although not all genetic conditions are passed down from parents, some gene changes occur randomly before birth.

What are growth factors in genetics?

Growth factors are proteins that activate cells for proliferation or differentiation by binding to receptors on their surfaces. There are three types: TGF, insulin-like growth factor, and EGF. PDGF is primarily found in platelets, endothelial cells, and the placenta. These factors are used in various applications, including text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B. V., its licensors, and contributors.

Which is an example of genes affecting plant growth?

The study discusses the identification of three classes of genes that can control plant architecture: hormone metabolism and signaling, transcription and regulatory factors, and the cell cycle. The focus is on strong modifiers of stature and form that can be used for directed modification of plant architecture. Gibberellin metabolic and response genes are attractive targets for manipulation due to their dose-dependent nature, phenotypic effects in heterologous species, and positive pleiotropic effects on nitrogen assimilation, photosynthesis, and lateral root production.

Transcription factors, such as AINTEGUMENTA, ARGOS, and growth-regulating factors (GRFs), are strong modifiers of leaf and flower size. Plants overexpressing these genes have increased organ size and did not display negative pleiotropic effects in glasshouse environments. TCP-domain genes like CINCINNATA and associated regulatory miRNAs like miRJAW may provide useful means to modulate leaf curvature and other foliage properties. There are significant opportunities for comparative and translational genomics in nonmodel plant systems.

How do genetic factors affect plant growth?

The genotype of a plant exerts a significant influence on its growth and development. For instance, the growth and maturation of some rice varieties occur rapidly, with a duration of 110 days, whereas other varieties exhibit slower growth and maturation under similar environmental conditions, with a duration of 155 days.

How do genetic factors affect growth?

Genes play a significant role in a child’s physical and mental development, with genetic disorders like Down syndrome and spina bifida disrupting growth and development. About 80 percent of a person’s adult height is determined by genes, while environmental factors like nutrition affect the remaining 20. Genes also influence head circumference and childhood intelligence. Parents play a crucial role in children’s growth and development, with positive parenting practices like mealtime routines and healthy snacks helping children self-regulate their diet and weight.

What are the factors that influence how plants grow?

Plant growth is influenced by four primary factors: water, temperature, light, and nutrients. Water is the primary ingredient in plant growth, initiating seed germination and facilitating root movement. It is also a key component of photosynthesis, where plants harness sunlight to produce simple sugars. Water controls plant size by increasing cell size and cell number through cell division. It also acts as a solvent for moving resources like nutrients and carbohydrates throughout the plant. On hot days, water controls transpiration, cooling the plant.

Temperature is the primary factor affecting plant development. Warmer temperatures cause plants to move quicker through growth stages and change their growth habits and appearance. Rising temperatures can lead to taller plants, narrower leaves, and wider leaves. Grain yield can be significantly reduced during reproductive stages, and high temperatures can have negative effects during drought and flooding. Environmental stress can directly or indirectly cause most plant problems.