Experiment On How Temperature Impacts Plant Development?

Temperature effects on plant growth and development are dependent on the species, with increasing climate change scenarios causing air temperatures to exceed the optimum range for many species. The suitable temperature range for plants is between 10°C to 27°C, with each species having a specified minimum, maximum, and optimum temperature range.

Prolonged heat exposure over 8 hours and 3 days resulted in significant differences in leaf size, decreased plant nitrogen and phosphorus content, and increased carbon (C):N and C:P stoichiometry. This article aims to understand how variation in temperature influences vital plant growth parameters such as vegetative growth, flowering, and the protein PIF7 and the growth hormone auxin.

Temperature modulates plant growth and development positively or negatively, affecting overall shoot and root. There is an optimal temperature range where development rates increase quasi-linearly with temperature, and thermal time is the integral of temperature with respect to temperature. Higher temperatures generally promote shoot growth, including leaf expansion and stem elongation and thickening.

Temperature influences most plant processes, including photosynthesis, transpiration, respiration, germination, and flowering. Daytime temperatures that are too low often produce poor growth by slowing down photosynthesis, resulting in reduced yield. Higher temperatures generally lead to increased transpiration, partly because molecules move faster, but warm air can also accommodate more water.

Favorable temperatures enhance plant growth, nutrient uptake, and photosynthetic activity, ultimately increasing species heterogeneity. Additionally, the roots of plants may be shorter in plants with hotter soil temperatures.

The findings may help scientists develop more resilient plants to withstand climate change.

How does temperature affect plant growth in an experiment?

Plants regulate their growth based on their environmental conditions, with temperature being a critical factor. Temperatures above the optimal range generally promote shoot growth, including leaf expansion and stem elongation and thickening. However, temperatures above the optimal range suppress growth. The difference in temperature between day and night can also affect plant growth. In ornamental horticulture, the difference between day and night temperature (DT) is controlled through the difference between DT and NT (DIF), which is defined as DT–NT.

Phytohormones, such as Gibberellin (GA) and Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), play a key role in regulating plant growth in response to temperature. In Arabidopsis thaliana, higher temperatures promote hypocotyl elongation mediated by phytochrome-interacting factor 4 (PIF4)-dependent auxin biosynthesis. PIF4 function is regulated by GA via DELLA proteins, which are key negative regulators of GA signaling.

Studies have found that stem elongation under different DIF treatments is accompanied by changes in GA content in Campanula isophylla and Pisum sativum. In P. sativum, inhibition of stem elongation under negative DIF was weaker in GA-related mutants than in the wild type. In A. thaliana, non-bioactive GA 29 content was lower under a negative DIF treatment than that under a positive DIF treatment, while IAA concentration was higher under a positive DIF treatment.

These studies suggest the involvement of these hormones in the effect of DIF on stem elongation. However, the expression of these hormones and their genes has not been investigated in detail. Temperature affects stem elongation and stem thickness, but the effect of DIF on vascular development has not been properly characterized to date.

What are the factors affecting plant growth experiment?

The experimental design takes into account a multitude of factors that influence plant growth, including seed variety, water availability, soil type, light, temperature, humidity, and other variables. Two variables, namely seed variety and water availability, will be employed in the experimental procedure.

What happens to a plant if the temperature is too high?

Plants respond to high temperatures differently. As temperatures rise, their growth rate slows due to reduced photosynthesis and respiration rates, which deplete their food reserves. If extreme heat persists for weeks, plants can die from depletion. High temperatures can also cause severe water loss, known as desiccation, when transpiration exceeds root moisture absorption. Evaporation from soil further reduces water availability. As leaf water content decreases, leaves wilt, slowing water loss but increasing leaf temperatures due to reduced evaporative cooling.

If high temperatures persist, this cycle can worsen, potentially causing the death of a portion or all of the leaf. To protect your lawn, garden, and landscape during extreme heat, change watering practices by changing watering practices through transpiration and evaporation from the soil surface.

What are 3 limiting factors that affect plant growth?

Growth is a remarkable phenomenon in life, especially for plants that grow out of thin air. Plants can accumulate scattered pieces of their environment and assemble them into an organic entity, unlike animals that need to find pre-assembled pieces of life and reconfigure them.

Plant growth is generally defined as an irreversible increase in size, not an increase in weight. This is because water absorption and loss can significantly change plant (wet) weight due to processes that most would not consider growth. For example, trees gain a considerable amount of water overnight to replenish lost water during the day, which is not considered growth or negative growth.

To monitor growth with increases in “dry weight”, a consequence of the accumulation of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and the synthesis of organic molecules such as carbohydrates and proteins, one might monitor growth with increases in “dry weight”. However, defining growth by an increase in dry weight would lead to some counterintuitive results.

For example, trees grow in spring when shoots elongate and leaves appear, but they are actually decreasing in dry weight. In summer, as trees photosynthesize and absorb nutrients, their dry weight increases, but many are not getting bigger in terms of longer shoots. Similarly, a sprouting seed is decreasing in dry weight until its photosynthetic rate exceeds its respiration rate, which usually doesn’t happen until the seedling is a couple of weeks old and already of substantial size.

In conclusion, growth is an extraordinary phenomenon in life, with limitations on factors such as nutrient availability, light, temperature, and leaf area.

How does temperature affect the growth and yield of crops?

High temperatures, even for short periods, significantly impact crop growth, particularly in temperate crops like wheat. Air temperatures reduce shoot and root growth, while soil temperatures cause severe damage to roots, resulting in reduced shoot growth. High temperatures during booting stages can cause pollen abortion, under-development of anthers in wheat, and loss of pollen viability. In the reduction division stage, temperatures above 30º C can decrease grain yield and lead to dehydration and scorched leaves.

Why is temperature a limiting factor in plant growth?

Plant physiology is influenced by temperature, with photosynthesis occurring only during daylight hours and respiration occurring all the time. These factors increase with temperature, but with different sensitivities, affecting plant growth and health. Limiting climate factors, such as temperature swings, are difficult or impossible to overcome despite good cultural practices and siting. To encourage plant dormancy, avoid fertilizing after August, reduce watering in fall, and leave flowers on plants that develop fruits. To maintain dormancy, use mulch to insulate soil, and site early spring bloomers in winter shade. These factors are crucial when selecting plants for landscapes.

What are the 4 environmental factors that can affect plant growth?

Environmental factors such as light, temperature, water, humidity, and nutrition significantly impact plant growth and development. Understanding these factors allows for manipulation of plants for increased leaf, flower, or fruit production and diagnosing environmental stress-related plant problems. Light quantity, which refers to the intensity of sunlight, varies with seasons, with the maximum amount in summer and minimum in winter. The more sunlight a plant receives, the greater its capacity for photosynthesis, and understanding these factors can help in addressing plant growth and development needs.

How does high temperature affect plant growth?

High temperature (HT) stress is a significant environmental stress that restricts plant growth, metabolism, and productivity globally. Plant responses to HT vary depending on the degree and duration of HT and the plant type. HT is a major concern for crop production, and sustaining high yields is crucial for agricultural goals. Plants have adaptive, avoidance, or acclimation mechanisms to cope with HT situations, including major tolerance mechanisms that use ion transporters, proteins, osmoprotectants, antioxidants, and other factors involved in signaling cascades and transcriptional control.

Plant survival under HT stress depends on the ability to perceive the HT stimulus, generate and transmit the signal, and initiate appropriate physiological and biochemical changes. HT-induced gene expression and metabolite synthesis also significantly improve tolerance. The physiological and biochemical responses to heat stress are active research areas, and molecular approaches are being adopted for developing HT tolerance in plants.

This article reviews recent findings on responses, adaptation, and tolerance to HT at the cellular, organellar, and whole plant levels and describes various approaches being taken to enhance thermotolerance in plants.

What is the relationship between temperature and growth development?

Temperature is a critical factor in the complex biological processes of reproduction, development, and growth. It functions as a rate-limiting factor, initiating the process, or serves as a threshold factor that requires specific temperatures for the process to continue.

How does temperature affect growth rate?

Heterotrophic protists play a crucial role in aquatic ecosystems, contributing significantly to the total living biomass, controlling bacterial assemblages, and acting as remineralizers of organic matter and nutrients. They have been extensively studied in both field and laboratory settings to determine the effects of various physical and chemical parameters on growth rate and other physiological and biogeochemical processes.

Temperature is a fundamental determinant of physiological rates of heterotrophic protists, including growth rates. Growth rates increase proportionally with temperature up to an optimum and then decrease beyond the physiological limits for the species. This relationship is expressed using a Q 10 value, which represents the ratio of change in growth rate with a 10°C change in temperature.

Most laboratory studies involving cultured heterotrophic protists have focused on species isolated from temperate environments and examined protistan physiology at relatively high water temperatures (15°C). Therefore, extrapolating physiological rate information from temperate cultures to infer rate processes of protists in permanently cold environments may be inappropriate.

To date, three published studies have examined growth rates of cultured heterotrophic protists from permanently cold environments, all reporting low growth rates of polar isolates within the range of ambient polar temperatures (−1. 8 to 2°C). However, these studies reported conflicting conclusions when comparing growth rates of polar isolates to growth rates of temperate congeners at low environmental temperature.

How very high temperatures might reduce the growth of plants?

The process of photosynthesis, which is controlled by enzymes, is disrupted by elevated temperatures, resulting in a reduction in enzyme activity and, consequently, a decline in plant growth.