What Are The Methods Used In Plant Breeding?

Plant breeding is the application of genetic principles to produce plants that are more useful to humans. This process involves selecting economically or aesthetically desirable plants, controlling the mating of selected individuals, and then selecting certain individuals among the progeny. Plant breeding objectives depend on geographical adaptation, prevalent biotic and abiotic factors influencing production, uses of a cultivar, and crop reproductive system (pureline or hybrid).

Modern plant breeding may use techniques of molecular biology to select or insert desirable traits into plants. Modern facilities in molecular biology are now used in plant breeding. Plant breeding techniques encompass all processes aimed at improving the genetic characteristics of a crop. The pedigree method of breeding is used in developing both self-pollinated (self-pollinated) and cross-pollinated crops (cross-pollinated).

There are different kinds of crop breeding, such as backcrossing or introgression breeding, inbreeding, in vitro fertilization, techniques for chromosome and genome manipulation, haploidization, genome doubling, polyploidization, and new plant-breeding techniques (NBTs). The core of plant breeding is the selection of better types among variants, in terms of yield and quality of edible parts; ease of cultivation, and ease of use.

New Plant-Breeding Techniques (NBTs) are methods allowing the development of new plant varieties with desired traits by modifying the DNA. These techniques aim to maximize the expression of plants’ genetic prospects under certain environmental conditions.

What is plant breeding method?

Plant breeding involves manipulating plant qualities to create new varieties with desired characteristics. Higher-quality plants are selected and crossed to achieve desired quality, resulting in a population with improved traits. Major objectives of plant breeding include:

1. Increasing plant diversity and quality
2. Enhancing plant resistance to disease
3. Increasing plant productivity and yield
4. Enhancing plant health and productivity

What is plant breeding?

Plant breeding is the manipulation of plant species through pollination, genetic engineering, and selection of progeny to create new and improved genotypes and phenotypes with desirable characteristics like disease or insect pest resistance, salt or draught tolerance, and crop growth. This science is used to create new and improved plant genotypes and phenotypes with desirable characteristics. Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B. V., its licensors, and contributors. All rights reserved, including text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

What is new plant breeding technique?

New breeding techniques (NBTs) involve specific changes within plant DNA to alter its traits, ranging from altering single bases to inserting or removing genes. Techniques include cutting and modifying the genome during repair, genome editing using oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis (ODM), transferring a gene from a closely related species (cisgenesis), adding a reshuffled set of regulatory instructions from the same species (intragenesis), deploying processes that alter gene activity without altering the DNA itself (epigenetic methods), and grafting unaltered plants onto genetically modified rootstocks. In 2016, many European environmental organizations expressed serious concerns over these new breeding techniques.

What are the two types of plant breeding?

Plant breeding processes include inbreeding, backcrossing, mutation breeding, hybrid breeding, and genetic engineering. Gregor Mendel, considered the “father of genetics”, developed inheritance laws through plant hybridization experiments. Genetics has been instrumental in enhancing crop production through plant breeding. Genetic modification involves adding or degrading genes to produce desirable phenotypes. Transgenic plants are those resulting from gene addition, while cisgenic plants are those using modified genes to control their native promoter.

Genetic modification can sometimes produce plants with specific traits faster than classical breeding, as the majority of the plant’s genome remains unchanged. Gregor Mendel is considered the “father of genetics” in this field.

What do you mean by breeding methods?

The breeding cycle in soybeans involves releasing the best lines as improved pure-line cultivars or germplasm. Soybean breeders and geneticists use various breeding methods for cultivar and germplasm development. The pure-line cultivar is grown by the farmer. ScienceDirect uses cookies and all rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. Open access content is licensed under Creative Commons terms.

What is breeding techniques?

Plant breeding techniques are essential for improving the genetic characteristics of crops, achieving desirable traits such as resistance to diseases and pests, tolerance to environmental stresses, higher yield, and improved crop quality. This review article explores current plant breeding techniques and novel methods using a comparative approach. Conventional methods include backcross breeding, mass selection, and pure-line selection for self-pollination, while modern methods include CRISPR Cas-9, high-throughput phenotyping, marker-assisted selection, and genomic selection.

Modern breeding techniques are more reliable, less time-consuming, and accurate due to their genotype-based nature. However, conventional breeding techniques are cost-effective and require less expertise. Modern methods use genomics techniques, such as QTL mapping and marker assisted breeding, which aid in selecting superior plants at the seedling stage, unlike conventional breeding.

Modern plant breeding is a science that is more reliable and accurate, as it uses different markers to select recessive alleles. Scientific and technological advancements during the 20th century have fastened the process of plant breeding, making it a profession rather than just a skill. Mendel’s laws, Watson and Crick’s discovery of DNA as genetic material, and Mendelian laws along with cell and molecular biology approaches have further accelerated the plant breeding industry.

Currently, with techniques like genome sequencing and editing, the plant breeding industry has seen significant profits. Overall, understanding the advantages and disadvantages of both conventional and modern plant breeding techniques is crucial for improving crop production and quality.

What are the traditional plant breeding methods?

Conventional breeding is a selective method whereby crops are selected based on their superior performance. This may include pure-line, mass, backcross, recurrent, or hybridization selections.

What is the most important method of plant breeding?

Cross-pollinated species are naturally hybrid for many traits and lose vigour as they become purebred (homozygous), making mass selection and hybrid varieties the most important breeding methods. Mass selection involves selecting superior plants and harvesting them in bulk, which can improve qualitative and quantitative characteristics, including yield, despite low heritability. Mass selection has been a major method for breeding cross-pollinated species, especially economically less important ones.

The use of F1 hybrid varieties, such as corn, has been an example of exploiting hybrid vigour. The production of a hybrid corn variety involves three steps: selecting superior plants, selfing for several generations to produce a series of inbred lines, and crossing selected inbred lines. During the inbreeding process, vigour decreases drastically, but vigor is restored when unrelated inbred lines are crossed, and in some cases, F1 hybrids between inbred lines are much superior to open-pollinated varieties. Homozygosity of inbred lines ensures that the hybrid between any two inbreds remains the same. Once the best hybrids are identified, any desired amount of hybrid seed can be produced.

What are the 4 types of breeding?

The term “outbreeding” can be classified into four distinct categories: species cross, crossbreeding, outcrossing, and grading up. A species cross involves the crossing of different species, whereas crossbreeding involves the mating of established breeds. Outcrossing, in contrast to inbreeding, involves the mating of unrelated animals within the same breed.

What is an example of plant breeding?

The crossing of a high-yielding pea with a mildew-resistant one results in progeny, which are then crossed to their high-yielding parent.