In Botany, What Is A Coenobium?

Coenobium is a loose association of unicellular organisms that live in a colony and may be surrounded by a common membrane. It is found in algae and bacteria, and can be found in various plant bodies such as Volvox thallus, which is a motile colony with a definite shape and number of cells. The colony’s interior comprises mucilage, serving as structural support.

A typical volvox colony consists of a hollow sphere of cells, each ball formed by a single layer of superficial cells joined together. Each cell is surrounded by a thick mucilaginous wall, forming a coenobium. A heterotrichous habit is a type of coenobium, where the number of component cells remains constant.

Coenobiums are primarily found in algae and have a fixed number of cells with little or no specialization. They occur in several groups of algae and are often embedded in a mucilaginous matrix. The cells may be motile or non-motile and may be embedded in a mucilaginous matrix.

A coenobium can also refer to a monastic community in a tradition stressing communal life, as opposed to a monastic community. Volvox thallus is a motile colony with a definite shape and number of cells, and its habit is called coenobium. Chytrids are parasitic fungi of eucaryotic algae and blue-green algae, and Endocoenobium eudorinae sits within a coenobium of Eudorina elegans.

What is meant by Coenocyte and coenobium?

Coenocytic cells, also known as coenobium, are multinucleated organisms lacking a transverse cell wall. They are found in various algal groups, including Xanthophyceae (Vaucheria), Rhodophyceae (Griffithsia), and Chlorophyceae (Chara). These cells are the result of karyokinesis (nuclear division) without cytokinesis (cell division). They have a continuous protoplasmic mass surrounded by only one cell wall. Coenocytes in Vaucheria form from the tip of filaments, with a large central vacuole pushing against the surrounding cytoplasm.

On the periphery of the cytoplasm, chloroplasts are located with nuclei towards the center. The term “coenocyte” is derived from the Latin word “coeno + cyte”, which is based on the ancient Greek words “koinos” meaning “common” and “kytos” meaning “fell”.

What are the different types of coenobium?

The genus Tetrastrum has several basic types of coenobia, including A, B, C, D, E, and E. These coenobias have different lengths along the two symmetric axes and are characterized by their top parts being in close contact, opening in the interior, crosswise arranged cells, and a rectangular opening.

Two species of the genus Tetrastrum, T. triangulare and T. komarekii, were studied for their diagnostic features, such as pyrenoids, syncoenobia, type, and size. The study used clone cultures with specific initial coenobiums for both species. The only difference between them was the absence of a pyrenoid in T. komarekii.

Tetrastrum triangulare (Chodat) Komárek is characterized by square coenobia, forming syncoenobia of four coenobia each, and the presence of a pyrenoid easily observed in the cell. Hindák states that the presence or absence of a pyrenoid is one of the permanent genetically fixed features, making T. komarekii distinct from other species by the lack of a pyrenoid.

The study aims to investigate diacritical features in the cultures of these two species, specifically the presence or absence of a pyrenoid and the formation of syncoenobia. It also aims to analyze the coenobia sizes and types developed by these two species and trace out variability after extensive and intensive cultivation of clone cultures in different nutritious media and at different temperatures.

The study typifies five different coenobia in the species Tetrastrum, based on literary data and observations. Five clones with initial coenobium corresponding to each of the coenobia types were isolated from strain no. 8713, maintained in the algal collection of the Paisiy Hilendarski University of Plovdiv. The clones were cultivated in nutritious media BBM, G 1, and Z, with different composition and concentration gradients.

The results obtained on the variability of the five clones were identical, so only two will be commented on here: clone no. 8713/9 with initial coenobium of type В, and no. 8713/22 with initial coenobium of type D.

The strain no. 510 of T. komarekii, originally fined as Řeháková 1960/4, was received from the algal collection of CCALA at Třeboň, the Czech Republic. Two clones were isolated from the strain: no. 5084/1 with initial coenobium of type В, and no. 5084/8 with initial coenobium of type E. The cloning was accomplished by the method of capillary pipette (Stein 1973), modified by Мladenov and Furnadžieva.

The initial clone was cultivated preliminarily in Luministat, with continuous light conditions of 7 klux, 24±1 °C temperature, and continuous aeration. These clone cultures served as initial material for intensive cultivation in nutritious solutions with a different gradient of concentration.

The variability of the clone cultures under intensive cultivation was studied under three different temperatures: minimum (16 °C), optimum (24 °C), and maximum (36 °C). The microscopic investigation was accomplished by studying 500 coenobia for every variant of the experiment, and 50 coenobia were microscopically analysed for the coenobium size. The presence or absence of pyrenoids as a main diacritical feature was traced out in two clones of T. triangulare (8713/9, 8713/22).

The presence or absence of a pyrenoid belongs to the stationary, genetically fixed features, and due to the absence of a pyrenoid, T. komarekii can be clearly distinguished from all other species of the genus.

In our clone cultures, syncoenobia were observed only in the T. triangulare clones during the process of intensive cultivation. Temperature increase caused enhancement of the number of syncoenobia, which might be explained with ecological adjustment to the density of the environment. Microscopic analysis of the different percentage of coenobium types showed that in extensive cultivation of clone no. 8713/9 type D prevailed, followed by initial type B, and then by types E, C, and A.

How many cells are in coenobium?

A coenobium is a hollow colony of Volvox algae comprising a fixed number of cells, typically between 500, 000 and 600, 000. These cells are interconnected by cytoplasmic strands, forming a complex and interconnected structure.

Which algae is found in coenobium?

Volvox are unicellular, photosynthetic green algae with a distinctive hollow coenobium body and chloroplasts. Asexual reproduction occurs via gonidia cells, with the haploid phase being the dominant life cycle stage. Some species are capable of rapid multiplication, which can result in the formation of harmful blooms. They exhibit similarities to Chlamydomonas due to their analogous structural organization of protein and starch reserves.

What is the genus of coenobium?

The genus Tetrastrum has several basic types of coenobia, including A, B, C, D, E, and E. These coenobias have different lengths along the two symmetric axes and are characterized by their top parts being in close contact, opening in the interior, crosswise arranged cells, and a rectangular opening.

Two species of the genus Tetrastrum, T. triangulare and T. komarekii, were studied for their diagnostic features, such as pyrenoids, syncoenobia, type, and size. The study used clone cultures with specific initial coenobiums for both species. The only difference between them was the absence of a pyrenoid in T. komarekii.

Tetrastrum triangulare (Chodat) Komárek is characterized by square coenobia, forming syncoenobia of four coenobia each, and the presence of a pyrenoid easily observed in the cell. Hindák states that the presence or absence of a pyrenoid is one of the permanent genetically fixed features, making T. komarekii distinct from other species by the lack of a pyrenoid.

The study aims to investigate diacritical features in the cultures of these two species, specifically the presence or absence of a pyrenoid and the formation of syncoenobia. It also aims to analyze the coenobia sizes and types developed by these two species and trace out variability after extensive and intensive cultivation of clone cultures in different nutritious media and at different temperatures.

The study typifies five different coenobia in the species Tetrastrum, based on literary data and observations. Five clones with initial coenobium corresponding to each of the coenobia types were isolated from strain no. 8713, maintained in the algal collection of the Paisiy Hilendarski University of Plovdiv. The clones were cultivated in nutritious media BBM, G 1, and Z, with different composition and concentration gradients.

The results obtained on the variability of the five clones were identical, so only two will be commented on here: clone no. 8713/9 with initial coenobium of type В, and no. 8713/22 with initial coenobium of type D.

The strain no. 510 of T. komarekii, originally fined as Řeháková 1960/4, was received from the algal collection of CCALA at Třeboň, the Czech Republic. Two clones were isolated from the strain: no. 5084/1 with initial coenobium of type В, and no. 5084/8 with initial coenobium of type E. The cloning was accomplished by the method of capillary pipette (Stein 1973), modified by Мladenov and Furnadžieva.

The initial clone was cultivated preliminarily in Luministat, with continuous light conditions of 7 klux, 24±1 °C temperature, and continuous aeration. These clone cultures served as initial material for intensive cultivation in nutritious solutions with a different gradient of concentration.

The variability of the clone cultures under intensive cultivation was studied under three different temperatures: minimum (16 °C), optimum (24 °C), and maximum (36 °C). The microscopic investigation was accomplished by studying 500 coenobia for every variant of the experiment, and 50 coenobia were microscopically analysed for the coenobium size. The presence or absence of pyrenoids as a main diacritical feature was traced out in two clones of T. triangulare (8713/9, 8713/22).

The presence or absence of a pyrenoid belongs to the stationary, genetically fixed features, and due to the absence of a pyrenoid, T. komarekii can be clearly distinguished from all other species of the genus.

In our clone cultures, syncoenobia were observed only in the T. triangulare clones during the process of intensive cultivation. Temperature increase caused enhancement of the number of syncoenobia, which might be explained with ecological adjustment to the density of the environment. Microscopic analysis of the different percentage of coenobium types showed that in extensive cultivation of clone no. 8713/9 type D prevailed, followed by initial type B, and then by types E, C, and A.

What algae contain chlorophyll A and C are commonly known as?

Brown algae are a type of plant that contain chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, β- and ∝-carbotenes, xanthophylls, and fucoxanthin pigments in their chromatophores. Despite their brown appearance, these algae are still present in various exams such as IIT JEE, NEET, UP Board, Bihar Board, and CBSE. Free textbook solutions for various subjects, such as math, physics, chemistry, and biology, are available.

Additionally, free NCERT solutions are available for various English mediums, including Class 12 and Class 11 English Medium. These solutions cater to various levels of students and cater to various exam types.

What are the two types of coenzymes?

Coenzymes are two types: prosthetic groups, which are tightly bound to a protein, and cosubstrates, which are transiently bound to the protein. Both types facilitate the reaction of enzymes and proteins. An inactive enzyme without a cofactor is called an apoenzyme, while a complete enzyme with a cofactor is called a holoenzyme. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) defines a coenzyme as a low-molecular-weight, non-protein organic compound that participates in enzymatic reactions as a dissociable carrier of chemical groups or electrons.

Some enzymes or enzyme complexes require several cofactors, such as the multienzyme complex pyruvate dehydrogenase at the junction of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. This complex requires five organic cofactors and one metal ion, including loosely bound thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), covalently bound lipoamide and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), cosubstrates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD +), and coenzyme A (CoA), and a metal ion (Mg 2+).

What is the structure of a colony coenobium?

The Volvox is a spherical bacterium that is visible to the naked eye. It forms a coenobium, a hollow sphere comprising thousands of cells. The colony is encased in a gelatinous layer of glycoproteins, which serve to provide structural support and protection. Each somatic cell is equipped with two flagella, whip-like structures that enable the colony to move towards light, thereby facilitating photosynthesis.

What is the function of coenobium?

A coenobium is a plant with anterior vegetative cells with larger stigmas that guide the colony to light, and reproductive cells that reproduce posteriorly. The plant has all its reproductive cells either asexually during favorable growth seasons or sexually towards the end of the growing season. All rights are reserved for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, with Creative Commons licensing terms applicable for open access content.

What is the difference between colony and coenobium?

A coenobium is a type of cell that contains a fixed number of cells, either motile or non-motile. It is an association between two or more individuals for mutual benefit.

What do you mean by coenobium?

In zoology and botany, a “coenobium” is defined as a small, specialized colony of cells. These colonies are often observed in the context of monasteries or convents.